The Traffic Safety Problem in Urban Areas

THE TRAFFIC SAFETY PROBLEM IN URBAN AREAS J. ARCHER1 and K. VOGEL2 1 CTR, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden; 2 VTI, Linkoping, Sweden E-mail: jeffery. [emailâ protected] kth. se; katja. [emailâ protected] se As the quantity of individuals who dwell and work in urban regions increments, along these lines, as well, do the requirements and requests set on the framework. This has prompted serious blockage in numerous European urban communities, a circumstance which influences nature as far as contamination, however most prominently levels of traffic safety.In Europe, a huge number of individuals are murdered in street auto collisions, and more than 1 million are harmed every year at a cost, which is assessed to surpass the all out European Union spending plan by a factor of two. Most of mishaps including injury happen inside urban territories regularly at intersections, while the quantity of fatalities outside these zones is more prominent, to a great extent because of hig her speed. Traffic security research has demonstrated a one-sided enthusiasm for the issues related with motorway and country regions in the past.There are numerous reasons, which advocate a more noteworthy enthusiasm for urban territories, specifically, those identified with the wellbeing of unprotected street clients. In urban regions the traffic framework setting is increasingly perplexing, where a blended street client condition wins and more noteworthy perceptual and intellectual requests are set on street clients. Before, huge numbers of the more effective wellbeing countermeasures have concentrated on planning the street to address the issues and restrictions of street clients. These arrangements have, be that as it may, end up being very costly.Today, new and moderately modest mechanical arrangements alluded to as Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) have been created which have the ability to diminish introduction, mishap hazard, and mishap seriousness. While the drawn out i mpacts of these frameworks are to a great extent obscure, and issues related with normalization and enactment are needing resolve, frameworks, for example, Intelligent Speed Adaptation and propelled traffic control frameworks have indicated extraordinary potential as to the traffic wellbeing issue in urban areas.In request to effectuate this potential, a lot of incorporated multi-disciplinary exploration is required. 1. Presentation The only remaining century of the subsequent thousand years has seen immense enhancements in the day to day environments and financial abundance of the industrialized countries of the world, and thus a huge development in populace, especially in urban regions. The development of urban areas and towns has additionally prompted an expansion in the requirement for versatility, and an ensuing increment in the numbers and kinds of vehicles possessing the street infrastructure.The exponential increment in the quantity of vehicles during the twentieth century h as far exceeded the anticipated limits and versatile capacities of the current street foundation frameworks, this has brought about a circumstance of blockage and disappointment among street clients of assorted types and has had huge adverse impacts for traffic wellbeing as far as the unsuitable quantities of street mishaps including casualty and injury. During 1997, there were around 45 000 fatalities, and 1. million wounds detailed from street auto collisions inside the European OECD nations as indicated by insights taken from the International Road Traffic and Accident Database (IRTAD). The expenses of such mishaps inside the European Union are evaluated to be in the area of 160 billion ECU every year, subsequently exceding the complete yearly financial plan for the EU in 1997 (89 billion ECU). Insights demonstrate that while around 66% of all fatalities happen outside urban regions, 66% of the absolute number of wounds happen inside urban areas.The results of urban mishaps are n ormally less extreme as far as the quantities of wounds and fatalities as an immediate aftereffect of the more noteworthy confinements forced on speed. For the most part hence, the vast majority of the universal and national traffic security research has concentrated on motorways and significant streets that connect towns and urban communities by navigating country and rural territories. 2 Why Focus on Traffic Problems in Urban Areas?There are be that as it may, various significant reasons why the traffic framework existing in urban territories ought not be dismissed by winning examination. In particular, there are an extraordinary number of individuals living in urban territories, and travel separations are commonly shorter than in rustic zones, which urges individuals to utilize bikes or to walk. As indicated by the measurements for the European OECD nations, walkers added up to 15 percent, and cyclists 6 to percent, of the complete number of roadtraffic fatalities during 1997, re spectively.For different kinds of street clients, for example, vehicle drivers, there are huge contrasts in the sorts of mishaps that happen in urban zones with a more noteworthy number of backside and turning impacts, and a bigger level of crashes happening at intersections. By and large, the urban condition can be viewed as progressively complex with various sorts of street clients with various necessities, the physical and mental requests put on street clients are in this way a lot higher, and are reflected in the measurements by a relatively more noteworthy number of mishaps including injury.The Development of Traffic Safety in Urban Areas from a Historical Perspective previously, European traffic wellbeing in urban territories has most normally centered around speed the executives and traffic quieting. Kjemstrup and Herrstedt (1992), distinguished three explicit times of improvement. During the main time frame before 1968, the significant development in the quantity of vehicles was at first countered by extending the framework where possible.These gauges before long demonstrated inadequate, prompting the dangerous abuse of neighborhood streets that had recently provided food for lighter traffic, cyclists and people on foot. In the second time frame from 1969 to 1979, the traffic wellbeing issue was drawn nearer by isolating light and quick moving overwhelming traffic, and by planning the traffic condition with an accentuation on consistency and effortlessness. â€Å"Traffic calming† activities got mainstream along with what got known as â€Å"Woonerf design†, which involved physical speed-diminishing measures (e. . mounds and narrowings), and rules to administer rates and needs inside urban zones. The third time frame from 1980 to 1990 saw speeding up decreasing measures by open and private interests. Another and more affordable arrangement was required, and inevitably appeared as â€Å"environmentally adjusted through-roads†, which m ulled over: stream rates, piece of traffic, mishap rates, person on foot needs, and ecological affectability (comparable to clamor levels air-contamination and so forth. ).Examination has indicated extensive achievement in various European nations (e. g. Denmark, France, Germany), while others have dismissed the potential offered by this idea. Kjemstrup and Herrstedt (1992) finished up at the hour of composing, that programmed speed guideline gadgets were â€Å"a long path into the future† and that traffic quieting through physical measures and the plan of road space was the main at present accessible way to deal with accomplishing lower speeds and expanded wellbeing and security and an improved urban environment.Despite wellbeing countermeasures, for example, traffic quieting procedures, different administrative measures, exposure crusades, dynamic police requirement, enhancements in vehicle security norms, and neighborhood upgrades in the foundation, the issues identified w ith traffic wellbeing in urban zones despite everything win at an unsatisfactorily elevated level. One zone of exploration that has indicated extraordinary guarantee is that concerning Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) which abuse the most recent data and correspondence innovations and coordinate them into the traffic system.This approach empowers the effectively clogged foundation to be used with a lot more prominent productivity, and somewhat can resolve issues related with human confinements. The future seems to have shown up for programmed speed guideline gadgets, for example, â€Å"Intelligent Speed Adaptation† (ISA), which are seen to have incredible wellbeing potential (see e. g. SNRA, 1996). There is be that as it may, a certain requirement for building up sound logical information identified with how compelling countermeasures, with or without the guide of ITS, can be structured, created, and executed to determine urban territory traffic wellbeing problems.The Need for Traffic Safety Strategies The World Health Organization has alluded to the current traffic security as a social and general medical issue. So as to move toward this issue, distinctive European and overall traffic security research programs have been started, which call for global co-activity between various organizations and foundations, and an aggregation of various logical orders in a significant hostile to discover approaches to improve the current situation.At a national level a few nations have created explicit traffic wellbeing methodologies so as to move toward the traffic wellbeing issue. 3 In Sweden, the â€Å"vision zero† has been endorsed by the legislature all together that people and associations can build up an operational vitality and creative deduction towards another and radical future circumstance where the ideal extreme objective is to have zero street traffic fatalities (Tingvall, 1995). This is to be accomplished by accentuating for people that loss of wellbeing is totally unsuitable, and that traffic security is at last their responsibility.The focal point of consideration is put on dynamic security (I. e. the avoidance of mishaps), latent wellbeing (I. e. decreasing the seriousness of mishaps upon event), and improving the salvage administrations, medicinal services, and recovery. Critically, it is perceived that there are different interests in the public arena notwithstanding the arrangement of security (e. g. natural issues and local arranging issues) which must be examined so as to

Who Needs Help Writing a Paper?

Who Needs Help Writing a Paper?Students who need help writing a paper will find that they can get assistance from a mentor. There are many places where these kind of people exist, but sometimes it is best to have a personal relationship with someone who can guide you as you write your paper. Some people will be able to help you with this, but many people will tell you that having an actual mentor is the best thing you can do. That way, you can get advice and learn from a mentor without feeling pressured.Some students just don't feel comfortable with tutors, or teachers, so they feel the need to use a tutor instead. To many, this might be a good thing, but for others, it can make them feel out of control and out of place. They feel out of place, especially when they are trying to figure out what to write and how to write it.The great thing about having someone in your life who is also a student, is that they can guide you through your whole writing process. Sometimes, you can sit down and write an essay, and get it completed. Other times, you might have a question or a problem that you can't seem to figure out, and you can't think of anything to say about it.When you have a mentor, you will be able to write an essay, and the issue won't seem to affect your ability to write. You will still be able to get your points across, because you have someone guiding you through the process. As you get more confident, you can try some new things.Some students don't know how to start an essay, so they get discouraged. They might not know what they should write about, and they might just be confused. If you have a mentor, they can help you write the essay in the right way.Since they will be there to guide you, they can help you with your papers. They can give you feedback, and they can give you good tips on how to write the essay. If you can go to your professor, you can have the person help you write your paper.If you don't know anyone who is also a student who can write, th en you should look for someone who can. It can be hard to write an essay alone, and you might feel like you are just going by gut instinct. Having someone there to tell you what is wrong with your essay can really help you out.When you are trying to write an essay, and you need help, you can find people to help you. Many students just sit down and write their essays without any help, and when they go to their professors they are embarrassed and they don't feel like they did a good job. A mentor can be there to help you with your essay, and you will feel confident.

Everyman-a Medieval Play Review Essay

Rundown Everyman is a play which was composed to communicate the significance of profound quality, to whoever read it or experienced it being performed in front of an audience. A few researchers state that it was composed at some point in the late 1400’s, while others demand that it is an interpretation of a Flemish work called â€Å"Elckerlijc†, which was composed by Peter van Diest in 1495. Everyman is a purposeful anecdote play which is intensely founded on Christian strict points of view; likewise it is resoundingly like the Christian conviction of the restoration of Christ, and his climb into Heaven, after the torturous killing. The main demonstration of Everyman, opens with an introduction which assumes the type of a detachment, enlightening the crowd concerning the destiny which is to come to Everyman. The delivery person proceeds to tell the crowd that inevitably God will endless supply of humankind to remain before him, and give record of their works which they had fashioned throughout everyday life. The following piece of the play is God calling upon Death, to proceed to carry Everyman to remain before him. God orders Death to proceed to bring Everyman before him, with the goal that he may give record of his own wrongdoings that he has created throughout everyday life. So Death proceeds to discover Everyman, and reveals to him that his opportunity has arrived. Everyman at that point endeavors to pay off Death with a thousand pounds, however Death can't. In any case, he expresses that he will permit Everyman to carry somebody with him, so he doesn't need to confront his judgment alone. Everyman initially goes to Fellowship, whom speaks to companions and colleagues; and requests that he go with him to proceed to remain before the judgment God. Partnership, whom had vowed to stand other than Everyman through whatever may come; discloses to Everyman that he won't go with him to the grave, since he fears Death and the judgment of God. Everyman is grief stricken, however then goes on to the next. Everyman at that point goes to Kindred and Cousin, which should speak to family and kinfolk; yet they also disclose to him that they won't go with him on his way to the grave. Thirdly, Everyman goes to Goods, which speaks to material belongings; regardless she additionally expresses that she won't go with Everyman to his last judgment. Everyman is worried by this point, thus he goes to Good Deeds for friendship. Great Deeds expresses that she will go with Everyman to confront his judgment with him; yet lamentably she does not have the quality for such an excursion, in light of the fact that Everymanâ has dismissed her for an incredible duration. Great Deeds reveals to Everyman that he should then go before her sister, Knowledge; for she will know the manner by which Good Deeds may recapture quality. After gathering Knowledge, she reveals to Everyman that he should go before Confession; and there Everyman admits his transgressions. A while later, Confession gives Everyman a â€Å"jewel† called Penance; which washes down Everyman of his wrongdoings, with the goal that he may remain before God and not be in danger of perdition. With his admission behind him, Good Deeds recovers his quality, and is prepared to go with Everyman to the grave. Information at that point advises Everyman to assemble his properties of life: Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits; so they also may go with him to his retribution with God. Yet, when Everyman assembles them, they reveal to him that they won't go with him to the grave; basically on the grounds that they are generally attributes of youth, which are largely now transitory from him, as he has the finish of life. With that, Knowledge, and Good Deeds go with Everyman to his last retribution with God. There enters the character Angel; Knowledge at that point confirms Angel that Everyman was a decent and just individual, and at long last, he admitted his transgressions before God. At that point Everyman and Good Deeds go down into the grave, and in this way advance toward remain before God in the last judgment of Everyman. On a very basic level, this play closes with the character, Doctor, expressing that all acknowledge Good Deeds and Knowledge will all escape from an individual, when they go before God for their last judgment. *** Issues in Raised in Key Resources There are a few key issues which were raised by the researchers that composed the significant assets which I used to compose this report. This play has gotten a moderate measure of prevalence over the past almost 500 years; and now today there are a few researchers and scientists whom are incredibly basic, both decidedly and adversely, of the subtleties regarding how it was composed. One analysis of note would need to be one which was voiced by Thomas F van Laan. In alluding to the general reason of Everyman, he fights of the author that â€Å"His discourse is basically negative; he centers exclusively around the certainty of death and the danger of sin†. Basically, Mr. van Laan is expressing that from the outset, the sole motivation behind this work seems to accentuate explicitly on death and how humanity should feel just distress for whatever they do, which conflicts with the lessons of Christianity. Another analysis of this work which Mr. van Laan alludes to is the point before all else when God initially talks. Mr. Van Laan states: â€Å"Gods words are entirely negative in power, inferring just the trouble to come, excluding any sign of trust in mankind†. Mr.â van Laan is voicing this analysis on the initial area of the play, on a very basic level about how he considers Gods words to be excessively negative in their methodology. In communicating this judgment, Mr. van Laan is resolute about his convictions that God would most likely not be so perplexing in his way to deal with managing humanity. Anyway not such Mr. van Laan needs to state about Everyman is negative in nature. He proceeds to reveal insight into the moral story nature of the play, and how this loans assurance to its being a one of a kind, real work of theater. He battles that â€Å"The first development, is a falling activity, which follows Everyman’s’ decrease in fortune. This breaks the obvious quietness of his life, to the profundity of his despair†¦fallowed constantly development, a rising activity, which conveys him from this nadir unto his last salvation†¦which is represented by the expressions of the inviting Angel†. It is my conviction, that basically what Mr. van Laan is expressing, is that by utilizing genuine characters to embody the particular parts of human instinct; the persona of the play turns into a two-overlay try. Right off the bat, by the characters being strict portrayals of human characteristics; they accomplish a type of authenticity, which is ordinarily just passed on using spoken exchange. Besides, the movement’s themselves-happening from a condition of absolute despondency, to a condition of amicable joy; isn't just attribute of every single extraordinary work of dramatization, yet additionally of life itself. All through Mr. van Laan’s survey of Everyman, he expresses his feeling that by the creator utilizing characters to speak to the individual parts of human personality; the play passes on a type of authenticity, which is particularly exceptional. Next carries us to the contentions made by the specialist Roger A. Ladd. His conviction is that this play was not composed for the regular individual, however was in actuality written to be a work which would have been performed for the â€Å"bourgeoisie†. His thinking comes from examine which had been finished by researcher Dorothy Wertz; a similar researcher who likewise accepts that Everyman was most likely composed carefully to be performed for the world class rich. In her exploration, Mrs. Wertz focuses to the way that â€Å"by basically looking at the jargon and expressions utilized in the first piece, one can decide whom the play had been composed for†. In that, she expresses that â€Å"the wording itself would have been unreasonably formal for normal residents of the timeframe to ascertain†. In any case, in contrast to Mrs. Wertz, who accepts that Everyman is explicitly just an immediate interpretation of Elckerlijc; Mr. Ladd expect that it is an amalgamation of Elckerlijc and other English scholarly traditions of the time. Mr. Ladd’s implied hypothesis was reached to some degree, by examining the qualities of the character â€Å"Goods†, and contrasting them and the English enemy of commercial parody conventions which were mainstream in the late-medieval period. A case of which being, that in the Germanic-Dutch based Elckerlijc, Goods is depicted as showing up as â€Å"Neglected, corroded. . . stacked up, filthy†. Anyway in Everyman as Mr. Ladd implies, Goods shows up in a progressively English enemy of trade way as being â€Å"trussed and heaped so high, and in chest I am bolted so quick, additionally sacked in bags†. The Everyman depiction, falls in accordance with the late-medieval abstract custom of hostile to mercantilism; which as indicated by Mr. Ladd, comes as evidence that Everyman couldn't have been carefully only an English interpretation of Elckerlijc. Another researcher whom is passive in his examination of Everyman is Lawrence V. Ryan. Mr. Ryan adopts a strategy, which is by all accounts progressively about perceiving the strict ramifications of the play Everyman. The primary point that Mr. Ryan makes is that †Without religious philosophy, the creative legitimacy may not be completely appreciated†¦that the philosophy included is fundamental, not weak, and besides, that it gives the play its characters, structure, noteworthiness, and even its emotional impressiveness†. One of the central matters which each of the three researchers concur upon is that by being abandoned by every one of those whom Everyman goes to for help; the crowd builds up a solid feeling of tenderness, for the predicament of Everyman. Mr. Ryan recommends that the development of these bogus companion characters â€Å"all show up in a climactic request, as indicated by the expanded peril of each as an interruption from one’s Maker†. At last, Mr. Ryan offers his input about the motivation behind why all the characters that forsake Everyman, just as Everyman himself, are for the most part men; and why the main characters that go with him are ladies. Generally, the rationale behind this as Mr. Ryan fights is that â€Å"All m

The Hemingway Code in the Novel The Snows of Kilimanjaro - Literature Essay Samples

The Hemingway Code is the set of characteristics that comprise the male characters in the writer`s works. In fact, the personages, created by Ernest Hemingway, perceive the world in terms of the hyper-masculine moral code that determines the manner of their behavior. However, the strong beliefs that characterize them as the full-fledged men can be described as a sort of the psychological wound, which inevitably results in the negative consequences, such as moral suffering and intentions to prove their manhood. In the scope of the current essay we are going to analyze the utilization of the concept of the Hemingway Code in the novel The Snows of Kilimanjaro, focusing on the character traits of the main hero, his manner of life, and the psychological state. First of all, it is important to highlight that the Hemingway Code Hero is a symbol of the exceptional masculinity rather than a real individual. In general, the personage of such type possesses the number of the typical male character traits, which underline his masculine nature. For instance, the Code Hero is a person, who is popular among women and has numerous love affairs. Harry, the central character of the novel The Snows of Kilimanjaro, who recollected the major events of his life before the face of death, reveals that he had specific relationships with his rich wives and even once patronized prostitutes in Constantinople. However, it should be mentioned that the love affairs did not evoke strong feelings: in fact, the women were a necessary element that proved his masculinity, being a kind of trophies or caregivers: â€Å"he was only lying, as to this woman, now, who had the most money of all †¦ who had had a husband and children, who had taken lovers and been dissatis fied with them, and who loved him dearly as a writer, as a man, as a companion and as a proud possession† (Hemingway 6). In addition, the author reveals that Harry shows the negligent attitude towards his lovers in order to illustrate his emotionless and establish the dominant position: â€Å"Thats not fair. I love you now. Ill always love you Dont you love me?† â€Å"No,† said the man. â€Å"I dont think so. I never have† (Hemingway 3). One more characteristic that must be taken into account concerns the fact that the Code Hero is quite confident and successful in the sexual sphere which is emphasized within the text: â€Å"You wouldnt want to destroy me again, would you?† â€Å"Id like to destroy you a few times in bed,† he said† (Hemingway 7). The other issue that should be considered is the psychological state of the Code Heroes. The specific understanding of morality, rigid ideology, and the constant need of self-assertion make the Hemingway`s characters suffer from sense of frustration and the inability to reach self-realization. The protagonist of The Snows of Kilimanjaro blames himself for wasting his talent of a writer: â€Å"He had destroyed his talent by not using it, by betrayals of himself and what he believed in, by drinking so much that he blunted the edge of his perceptions, by laziness, by sloth, and by snobbery, by pride and by prejudice, by hook and by crook† (Hemingway 9). In fact, Harry realizes he had the quite adventurous life, was involved in the unusual collisions of life, and it was his direct duty to write about it but he chose to marry wealthy women, despite the fact that he did not love them, which caused that he abandoned his writing. The unique characteristic that belongs to the Hemingway Code Heroes is the abandoning of the unconscious fear that is associated with the death. According to Harry, there were a lot of times when he faced death, and it came in different forms: â€Å"he felt death come again. This time there was no rush. It was a puff, as of a wind that makes a candle flicker and the flame go tall (Hemingway 10). In spite of the fact that Harry suffers from pain, he tries to remain emotionless and show bravery: â€Å"All right. Now he would not care for death. One thing he had always dreaded was the pain. He could stand pain as well as any man, until it went on too long, and wore him out†¦ and just when he had felt it breaking him, the pain had stopped (Hemingway 13). The only thing that Harry cared about when he understood that he was going to die was the fact that he did not become a successful writer. However, as his wife reasonably argued, â€Å"Youve never lost anything. Youre the most co mplete man Ive ever known† (Hemingway 14). As presented in The Snows of Kilimanjaro, the Hemingway Code Hero is an individual whose worldview is based on the principles of the hyper-masculine moral code. The character traits of such personage include the negligent attitude to women, who act as the indicators of his success, numerous love affairs, emotionless, adventurous life, and strong sexual energy. In addition, such individuals are capable to resist death or accept it with the great sense of bravery. On the other hand, the aforementioned masculine code is rigid that makes the personages of such type seek self-realization and suffer from frustration. Work Cited Hemingway, Ernest. The Snows Of Kilimanjaro, And Other Stories. New York: Scribner, 1961. Print.

Adapt Scaffolding to Early Childhood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 543 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? The article I read was Adapt Scaffolding to Early Childhood. I chose to read this article because my field of study is Early Childhood Education and I like learning as much as I can about the field. This article discusses scaffolding which is an instructional technique that helps guide students to a stronger understanding of an educational topic and being more independent in the learning process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Adapt Scaffolding to Early Childhood" essay for you Create order The article discusses modeling the expectations and letting the student practice meeting those expectations before letting them venture out on their own in the learning process. It is helpful for both the student, and the educator if the educator documents lessons in the form of photos, this will help the child see their learning progress and it will also help the educator see where the student is at in the learning process. In the scaffolding process, the educator must learn the strengths of each of his/her students. This will help build on the learning process and the educator can build lessons based on the strengths of each child which will build on their skills. In the early childhood classroom this can be done with hands on learning, and the educator asking the students questions which begins the process of the children thinking on their own about the hands on lessons. Once you know what your students strengths are and where they are in their learning process, you can begin pushing them to learn more and question the what and why of the lesson being taught. Scaffolding helps children learn in different ways, it helps push them to want to know more and to be more independent in the learning process. Reaction/Point of View While reading this article I would have to agree with everything that was said. This is such a great way to get children not only to learn but to start taking more of an independent role in their learning. I believe as an educator we should learn what our students strengths and interests are whether we are using the scaffolding technique or not. Knowing the students strengths and interests can be helpful in knowing which lessons may interest them more, if one lesson isnt the most interesting to them then finding a way to make it more interesting. I think documenting the learning process in photographs is a great idea, young children love looking at photos and to see themselves learning gets them excited to learn. How to Use Information I would use this information is setting up lesson plans and activities for the early childhood classroom. I would use this information to find ways to get the students to start asking themselves questions while they are learning such as why am I learning this and what comes next. I could use this information while setting up the classroom as well, putting up some posters with photos that help them learn what things to be looking for while learning in any lesson and what questions to ask in any lesson. The information in this article helps me as a future educator learn the steps/process of scaffolding and how to model this technique. Documenting the learning process for children is so important, using photos for young kids is something I would do.

Art History Essay - 2654 Words

ART __-history, __-theory, __-world (Accounting for modern art with Dickie, Danto, and Weitz) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Up until the twentieth century art theorists had consistently sought for a definition of art—a definition that would determine a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for something to be called art. But artists in the 20th century did not want to be defined, and they deliberately tried to create artworks that would not fit under some theorist’s umbrella. We saw the Beatniks with their free verse; we saw the pop art of Andy Warhol; we saw the rise of abstractionist and surrealist painters; we saw â€Å"happenings†, and we saw â€Å"ready-made† art, all of which combined to make the finding of a definition of art almost†¦show more content†¦If you try to think of a necessary condition for a game to be a game, there will always be some game that refutes the condition, or some game that we could invent that would not fit that condition, but could fit many others. The question of whether something is or is not art does not require us to see if all its properties fit into some specific set of necessary and sufficient conditions; rather, it requires us to ask whether or not we will make a decision to â€Å"enlarge the set of conditions for applying the concept (Weitz, 188).† For both games and art there are no essential properties, there are only â€Å"family resemblances†, or relational similarities that allow us to recognize whether a thing is close enough to be considered â€Å"art† or â€Å"a game†. Weitz offers a great summation of his argument concerning the â€Å"openness† of the concept of art: â€Å"What I am arguing, then, is that the very expansive, adventurous character of art, its ever-present changes and novel creations, makes it logically impossible to ensure any set of defining properties. We can, of course, choose to close the concept. But to do this with â€Å"art† or â€Å"tragedy† or â€Å"portraiture,† etc., is ludicrous since it forecloses on the very conditions of creativity in the arts (189).† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;So, Weitz’sShow MoreRelated The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 PagesThe History of Art Art was the first written language and to study the history of art is to study the history of civilizations and humankind. The Paleolithic cave paintings in France, when viewed in the modern western perspective can only be speculated at as to the intent and/or purpose of the original artisans. Perhaps the paintings of animals were the focal point of a religious ceremony or ritual, surveyed before the hunt, to bring success or perhaps part of a celebration or documentationRead MoreEssay on Art Criticism and Art History2671 Words   |  11 PagesArt criticism and Art History Case Study: The use of assemblage and the found object in historical and contemporary art practice. 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Eating Disorders and The Media Influences free essay sample

Eating disorders, any range of psychological disorders characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, have been around since the 1870s and are increasingly taking over the world today. These two types of eating disorders are taking over predominantly. What is causing this outbreak? The media is affecting the societies because most people they see on television, magazines, and the fashion industry are below average weight. What was once called a â€Å"Model Disease† is now a trending disease. Not only does eating disorders affect adults and teens but also small children. It is evident that the media plays a major, important role in eating disorders. Weak minded people concerned with their image are more influence than the normal person. The society is now all about the â€Å"ideal† image. Who comes up with the idea that being abnormally small is the â€Å"ideal† image? Only sick minded people would even think that. True enough being skinny does not determine your health or happiness. The influence of the media cannot be refuted. What is the problem with eating disorders? Theyre just so photogenic! There are the young women or – even better – girls; the celebrities and fashion magazines that are, of course, the cause of eating disorders; female body shape and, thrillingly, the food that is eaten or, in this case, not eaten to obtain that shape. From an early age the society has been bombarded with images and messages that reinforce the idea that to be happy and successful we must be thin. It is nearly impossible to open a newspaper or magazine, listen to the radio, shop at a mall or turn on a TV without being confronted with the message that to be fat is to be undesirable. The most devastating thing is that it is finding itself to reach the minds of children. When adolescents feel as though their body image, such as their hips or weight, does not match up to those of supermodel and actors, they feel strongly flawed. The media constantly sends out images and messages promoting an almost unattainable, unrealistic image of beauty that has been consistently linked to eating disordered and body dissatisfaction predominantly among women, but has even gone as far as to influence males. American men and women strive to obtain the perfect body, or the â€Å"thin ideal,† that the media presents as normal. Eating disorders do not stem from a desire to be slim: they are an expression of unhappiness. The way a womans body is equated with her human value in the media can, to someone who is subconsciously looking for a way to articulate their unhappiness, feel like the perfect solution. Throughout the years the image has gone from a voluptuous and curvaceous body to a slimmer and leaner body. While it may be true that eating disorders affects the entire society, it is undeniable that teens are more influenced by those around them in the media. Why are teens more influential? They are always surrounded by peer pressure, low self-esteem, and of course the media. Teens watch the media more than anyone because they are trying to keep up with the latest trends. The advertisements sell images of thins, beautiful women, along with the image is a message from the advertising company telling girls to lose weight, or increase their breast size. Television commercials can send a message that if they lost weight or apply beauty products they too will find love or be happy once again. If they are not up to par than one may be left out or feel insecure about them. Researchers, from Harvard Medical School, show that in Fiji in some areas that only 8% of household own televisions while in other areas 85% of homes owned them since 1995. (How Social Networks Spread). In the article How Social Networks Spread Eating Disorders, they compared the rates of eating disorders they discovered that those exposed to television were 60% more likely to display abnormal eating habits than those without exposure. Anxiety about the body image can start at a very young age. Surprisingly, by 1990 the average age that a girl began dieting had dropped to eight from fourteen in 1970 and more than half of nine and ten year old girls have admitted that they felt better about themselves when dieting. (Media Influence). Children grow up watching the many types of television shows. On almost everything they watch, even cartoons, there will always be an overweight character. For example, Patrick, on Spongebob, is portrayed as the abnormal or perhaps we can look at the show Family Guy. Peter Griffin is overweight and portrayed to have no common sense. Children look at particular things like this and start to thinking â€Å"Well if I’m overweight than I too am just like those characters on those shows. † and then there is a problem. According to a study from the University of Central Florida, nearly 50% of girls aged three to six were already concerned about their weight. (Media Influences). However, girls with direct exposure to television become vulnerable to eating disorders. Young girls are negatively affected by the overwhelming messages they receive from films portraying overly skinny movie stars. These girls are faced with societal pressures to fit in. The image impressions that the females give off on the young teen girls spreads like a virus. Nine out of ten girls who are high school juniors and seniors diet while only one out of ten of high school girls are overweight. (Media Influences). â€Å"Our study not only showed a second hand effect but demonstrated that this second and effect is the exposure of interest. † (Social Networks Spread). The social network can affect them without direct exposure because one could have a friend or someone that they are acquainted with and be exposed through them. In addition, the media is a very important aspect of life in our culture. The culture pressures the society to glorify the â€Å"thinness† or muscularity and place value on obtaining the â€Å"perfect body. † The cultural norms value people on the basis of physical appearance and not inner qualities and strengths. This narrows the definition of beauty that include only women and men of specific body weights and shapes. For some, dieting, bingeing, and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and to feel in control of one’s life when looking at another life. In Media Influences, studies show that 95% of people who diet instead of following a healthy meal plan will gain back the weight they lose in between one and five years. Individuals who diet frequently diet often experience depression because they are never satisfied with their look. Exactly 73% of teenage girls who abuse diet pills and 79% of teenage girls who self-purge frequently read women’s fitness and health magazines. (Media Influences). The diet and diet related product industry boasts annual revenues of about $33 billion. (Media Influences). By them knowing that they can make so much off of insecure people they continue to advertise being skinny. They advertise by showing their many commercials on TV or through magazines. Overall, research has shown that as commercials for diet foods and diet products have increases, the body sizes of Playboy centerfolds, Miss America contestants, fashion models and female actresses have decreased, while the weight of the average North American woman has increased. (The Role of the Media). Often, one of the first seating disorders symptoms to manifest is poor body image. A study show that women experience an average of 13 negative thoughts about their body each day, while 97% of women admit to having at least one â€Å"I hate my body† moment each day. ( Media Influence). Women often look at the stars on the media and automatically assume that is the â€Å"ideal† image. What is the â€Å"ideal† image? To the culture the â€Å"ideal’ image is being slimmer than the norm. It seems as if you must have no hips, lack butt, and a hard rock flat stomach with huge breasts. Media influences how people view themselves. Media is in account for many interpretations and each is perceived differently by each individual. There are commercials that broadcast fast foods, which try to persuade us to buy the new and fattening food. However, not only do the media glorify a slender â€Å"ideal† image, they also emphasize its importance, and the importance of appearances in general. The media tries to change us by showing overbearing and thin people as an object of desire. Among the advertisements and television commercials one is supposed to conclude, to buy all the newest fast food items, yet stay extremely thin. It is almost impossible to eat the commercial shown foods, be healthy, and obtain this look, and women do not realize this. Therefore to obtain the certain look that is portrayed by the media, adolescents are developing eating disorders. However, many adolescents see the overbearing thin celebrities and try to reach medias level of thinness and ideal body weight. Mannequins and models have grown thinner by the years increasingly disparate with the average woman’s physical form. Most runaway models have met the body mass weight to be called anorexia. Sure enough we have median or plus size model but over the years their dress size have become several sizes smaller. Some are even in the single digits again, for example an eight or maybe even a six. Being thin associated with other positive characteristics such as, lovable, popular, beautiful, and sexy, while being overweight is connected with negative characteristics like fat, ugly, unpopular, and lazy. Therefore media is the distinct social pressure of operating to influence people to be thin and causing eating disorders. This sends a message to the society saying â€Å"To be beautiful you have to be unhealthily thin. † On the other hand, there are some people who say that it is quite okay that the media contributes to eating disorders. It is supposed to influence the society that this is the look and also brings money in by portraying that. People will continue to purchase dietary things to have the look. If one do not have the look then one is not average, one could even be below average. They say that it is not about your feelings, forget them because no one cares. If one is suffering from an eating disorder it is not the media that is causing it, it is the insecurities one is having. In fact some ask the question, â€Å"Why have more of those who are slightly bigger on television than those who are smaller? † If that is done than the society will feel that is the â€Å"Ideal† image look and there will be another issue, obesity. On that note, they will then say that the media is causing obesity instead unhealthy eating. It is known that obesity is not healthy and it will not make you happy. Either way you put it, nothing will win and everything is blamed on the media. Certainly, my oppositions have realized though the media does affect the society tremendously it does not affect everything. If that was true we could be affected by the different stars whose body is above average weight. For example, look at Oprah Winfrey. She struggle with her weight for years. It was causing health problems until one day she decided that it does not matter what her size is as long as she is healthy. Another example would be Queen Latifah, she has always been proud about her weight. When you see these two female stars on the media they show confidence. They are comfortable in their skins. Perhaps by showing more stars that are comfortable in their skins and are happy will influence the society to be happy with whom they are. For instance, being exposed to idealized, unrealistic, rail-thin images of beauty in the media and diet industry advertisements takes a toll on impressionable girls, who feel they can never measure up to these ideals. However, often what they do not realize is that the look they are trying to achieve is usually contrived, and that the image has been altered in some way before publication. Society has thus created a disillusioned atmosphere that leaves young women vulnerable to be influenced by the media, endlessly striving for a nonexistent perfection. If the media does not revise its ideal standard of beauty, more and more women could end up as victims of media triggered eating disorders.